CIOReview | | 9 JANUARY 2023from the battery, which is beneficial in applications requiring black-start capability.Walk-in battery containers were common in the early days of the industry but have been almost completely replaced by non-walk-in container designs. This transition has helped improve energy density and fire safety. The containers must feature, at a minimum, smoke and gas detectors, alarms and gas ventilation systems. They could also feature water-based or chemical-based fire suppression systems. Large-scale fire safety testing is conducted to ensure that any fires within a container do not propagate to adjacent containers. These features enhance the safety of first responders compared to building-based battery systems.Battery containers have built-in battery management systems that monitor the parameters of the cells, modules and racks and ensure that their operating limits are not exceeded. The most common container configuration consists of a DC output at a voltage level that is suitable for utility-scale battery inverters. Multiple battery containers may be connected to a single inverter, depending on the configuration. Some containers also feature built-in battery inverters so that the output is an AC voltage that can be connected to an MV transformer.Battery containers have at a minimum, a controller that forms the interface with an external energy management system and the inverter's control interface. This allows the control of battery operations and monitoring of battery parameters.The integration of most system components in the battery container greatly simplifies the installation process. The installer simply needs to place and secure the containers on the foundations and connect the power and communication cables to the rest of the system. System commissioning is also faster as sub-systems are pre-tested in the factory.Battery energy storage systems could be stand-alone or coupled with a solar PV system. For AC-coupling with PV, the combination of battery containers, inverter, MV transformer and associated controls is a modular building block that can be scaled up to meet the required plant capacity. Energy storage can also be DC-coupled with PV, in which case the battery containers are paired with DC/DC converters to form DC building blocks that are deployed along with PV inverters. Battery containers often feature built-in DC/DC converters that facilitate DC-coupling as well as future capacity augmentations to compensate for battery degradation.Factory-integrated battery containers are modular, versatile, and economical compared to building-based or field-assembled systems and are the technology of choice for the burgeoning stationary energy storage industry. Walk-in battery containers were common in the early days of the industry but have been almost completely replaced by non-walk-in container designs. This transition has helped improve energy density and fire safety
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